Read the following passage. Then choose the best answer for each question.

Color in textiles is produced by dyeing, by printing, or by painting. Until the nineteenth century, all dyes were derived from vegetable or, more rarely, animal or mineral sources. Since madder plants could be grown practically everywhere, the roots of some species of the madder plant family were used from the earliest period to produce a whole range of reds. Red animal dyes, derived from certain species of scale insects, were also highly value from ancient times through the Middle Ages. Blues were obtained from wood, a plant common in Europe and also used in the Near East from the beginning of the Christian era Before the first, nonfading “solid” green was invented in early nineteenth century, greens were achieved by the over-dyeing or overprinting of yellow and blue. However, yellow dyes, whether from weld or some other plant sources such as saffron or turmeric, invariably fade or disappear. This accounts for the bluish tinge of what were once bright greens in, for example, women tapestry.
The range of natural colors was hugely expanded and, indeed, superseded by the chemical dyes developed during the eighteen hundreds. By 1900, a complete range of synthetic colors had been evolved, many of which reached a standard of resistance to fading from exposure to light and to washing that greatly exceeded that of natural dyestuffs. Since then, petroleum industry has added many new chemicals, and from these, other types of dyestuffs have been developed. Much of the research in dyes was stimulated by the peculiarities of some of the new synthetic fibers- Acetate rayon, for example, seemed at first to have no affinity for dyes and a new range of dyes had to be developed; nylon and Terylene presented similar problems.
The printing of textiles has involved a number of distinct methods. With the exception of printing patterns directly onto the cloth, whether by block, roller, or screen, all of these are based on dyeing; that is, immersion of the fabric in a dye bath.

1. The passage mainly discusses the __________

2. According to the passage, what was the source of most textile dyes that were used before the nineteenth century?

3. What was the advantage of using madder plants for different shades of red?

4. One disadvantage of green dyes before the nineteenth century was ___________.

5. The green areas in women tapestries developed a bluish tinge because ___________.

6. Red dyes came mostly from ___________.

6. The word “superseded” in line 12 is closest in meaning to

8. According to the passage, how did chemical dyes compare to natural dyes?

9. The chemical dyes keep color because they are less prone to _____________.

10. According to the passage, what problem led to the development of the new dyes after 1900?

10. What does the author mean by “block, roller, or screen”?

12. The word “ invariably” in line 9 is closest in meaning to