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@msrttest

Read the following passages and then choose the best answer for each question.

Passage 1

It was previously believed that dinosaurs were cold-blooded creatures, like reptiles. However, a recent discovery has led researchers to believe they may have been warm-blooded. The fossilized remains of a 66 million-year-old dinosaur’s heart were discovered and examined by x-ray. The basis for the analysis that they were warm-blooded is the number of chambers in the heart as well as the existence of a single aorta.

Most reptiles have three chambers in their hearts, although some do have four. But those that have four chambers, such as the crocodile, have two arteries to mix the oxygen-heavy blood with oxygen-lean blood.

Reptiles are cold-blooded, meaning that they are dependent on the environment for body heat. Yet the fossilized heart had four chambers in the heart as well as a single aorta. The single aorta means that the oxygen-rich blood was completely separated from the oxygen-poor blood and sent through the aorta to all parts of the body.

Mammals, on the other hand, are warm-blooded, meaning that they generate their own body heat and are thus more tolerant of temperature extremes. Birds and mammals, because they are warm blooded, move more swiftly and have greater physical endurance than reptiles.

1. The word they in the second sentence refers to

2. According to the author, what theory was previously held and now is being questioned?

3. What is the basis of the researchers’ new theory?

4. The author implies that reptiles

5. The word generate in paragraph three is closest in meaning to

7. What does the author imply by the sentence: 

Ironically, the particular dinosaur in which the discovery was made was a Tescelosaurus, which translates to “marvelous lizard.”

Passage 2

During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The surge often progress along a glacier like a great   wave,   proceeding   from   one   section   to   another.   Subglacial   streams   of meltwater might act as a lubricant, allowing the glacier to flow rapidly toward the sea. The increasing water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly slides downhill. Surge glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. However, many of these glaciers exist in the same areas as normal glaciers, often almost side by side.

Some 800 years ago, Alaska’s Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, and advanced again 500 years later. Since 1895, this seventy-mile-long river of ice has been flowing steadily toward the Gulf of Alaska at a rate of approximately 200 feet per year.

In June 1986, however, the glacier surged ahead as much as 47 feet a day. Meanwhile, a western tributary, called Valerie Glacier, advanced up to 112 feet per day. Hubbard’s surge closed off Russell Fiord with a formidable ice dam, some 2,500 feet wide and up to 800 feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Yakutat to the south.

About 20 similar glaciers around the Gulf of Alaska are heading toward the sea. If enough surge glaciers reach the ocean and raise sea levels, West Antarctic ice shelves could rise off the seafloor and become adrift. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The additional sea ice floating toward the tropics would increase. Earth’s albedo and lower global temperatures, perhaps enough to initiate a new ice age.  This situation appears to have occurred at the end of the last warm interglacial (the time between glaciations), called the Sangamon, when sea ice cooled the ocean dramatically, spawning the beginning of the Ice Age.

1. What is the main topic of the passage?

2. The author compares the surging motion of a surge glacier to the movement of a

3. Which of the following does the author mention as possible cause of surging glaciers?

4. The word “freeing” in line 7 is closest in meaning to

5. According to the passage, the Hubbard Glacier

6.Yahutat is the name of

7. The word “plunge” in line 20 is closest in meaning to

8. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

Passage C

Central Park, emerging from a period of abuse and neglect, remains one of the most popular attractions in New York City, with half a million out-of-towners among the more than 3 million people who visit the park yearly. About 15 million individual visits are made each year.

Summer is the season for softball, concerts, and Shakespeare; fall is stunning; winter is wonderful for sledding, skating, and skiing; and springtime is the loveliest of all. It was all planned that way.

About 130 years ago Frederic Law Olmsted and his collaborator Calvert Vaux submitted their landscaping plan for a rectangular parcel two miles north of the town’s center. The barren swampy tract, home for squatters and a bone-boiling works that made glue, was reported as ‘a pestilential spot where miasmic odors taint every breath of air.”It took 16 years for workers with pickaxes and shovels to move 5 million cubic feet of earth and rock, and to plant half a million trees and shrubs, making a tribute to nature-a romantic nineteenth-century perception of nature.

What exists today is essentially Olmsted and Vaux’s plan with more trees, buildings, and asphalt. Landscape architects still speak reverently of Olmsted’s genius and foresight, and the sensitive visitor can see the effects he sought.

1. With what subject is the passage mainly concerned?

2. According to the passage, which is the prettiest time of year in Central Park?

3. It can be inferred that the rectangular parcel mentioned in line 9 is

4. According to the passage, before Olmsted and Vaux began their work, the area now occupied by Central Park was

5. It can be inferred from the passage that today’s landscape architects praise Olmsted for his

Passage D 

Many people suffer from an ailment of the gallbladder, which occurs when stones form within the organ. The gallbladder is a small sac in the upper-right section of the abdomen, beneath the liver and near the pancreas. Its function is to store bile, which is produced by the liver to help digest fat and absorb vitamins and minerals. Bile consists mainly of water, cholesterol, lipids (fats), bile salts, which are natural detergents that break up fat, and bilirubin, which is a pigment that gives bile its greenish-yellow color.

Gallstones form when the cholesterol and the bilirubin form crystals, which then fuse in the gallbladder to form the stones. They range in size from tiny specks the size of grains of sand to stones as large as golf balls, although most are quite small. Sometimes the crystals accumulate but do not form stones. But even then, they form a sludge that causes indigestion and discomfort, which is not as serious as the symptoms that stones cause.

The great majority of gallstones are made of cholesterol, but some consist of bile pigment. The former are produced when the bile is too rich in cholesterol or the gallbladder is not functioning properly, and they generally occur in people within the risk factors.

Gallstones can irritate the lining of the gallbladder, causing chronic inflammation and infection, resulting in pain in the abdominal area. An acute gallstone attack occurs when the gallbladder contracts while squeezing its bile through the cystic duct, and one or more stones lodge in the duct. The muscles in the duct wall then contract in an attempt to dislodge the stone, causing severe pain. If they are not dislodged, the bile backs up into the liver and eventually the bloodstream.

Risk groups include people who are overweight; people who fast habitually or are on long-term extremely low-calorie diets; pregnant women; people with diabetes; females between the ages of 20 and 60; native American men or Pima Indian women of Arizona; and Mexican-American men or women. As anybody ages, the chance of gallstones increases, with 10 percent of all men and 20 percent of women having gallstones by age 60.

Gallstones are diagnosed with an ultrasound, which is a device that transmits sound waves into the body and returns a depiction of the organ. Even patients with gallstones generally do not need treatment unless the stones are causing chronic symptoms. Large stones can be crushed through a procedure called shock wave lithotripsy, but the fragments then must exit the body, which can be uncomfortable. The most common treatment is to remove the gallbladder entirely. The body gets along quite well with no gallbladder because it is simply a storage area. The manufacture of bile in the liver goes on just the same, although there is no bile present in the event it is needed quickly. For that reason, patients are urged to avoid excessively fatty foods.

1. The word which in paragraph 1 refers to

2. The author indicates that crystals of cholesterol and bilirubin that do not fuse cause

3.The author states that most gallstones are caused by

4. The word irritate in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

5. The word dislodge in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to

6. The author implies that most severe attacks occur when a stone becomes stuck in the

7. One common cause of gallstones is…………….

8. All of the following people are potentially at high risk of getting gallstones except…….

9. The word depiction in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to………………..

10. The word it in the last paragraph refers to…………