Read the following texts and then choose the best answer for each question.

Passage 1

Most individuals have rudimentary knowledge about anthropologists. Anthropologists are people who study other people. Some anthropologists study the evolution of people’s bodies and simultaneously the way they have evolved since prehistoric times. However, most anthropologists study the ways of life of different groups of people in order to figure out what makes us all human. To do this, they usually, through exhaustive case studies, look at ways of life different from their own. Most anthropologists, in their respective field of study, have come from Western countries, so they usually concentrate on non-Western people but this is changing as anthropologists are fascinated by how people dwell in urban technological societies rather than rural areas. They can submit their comments at the end of their studies. Some anthropologists have gained popularity in their fields of study. Learning about other ways of life enables us to understand our own society.

1. what is the main topic of the passage?

2. In line 2 “they” refers to……………….

3. According to the passage, learning about different ways of life helps people…………..

4. According to the passage, anthropology means studying…………..

5. “This” in line 6 refers to………………..

Passage 2

Butterflies are undoubtedly some of the most fascinating insects on the planet Earth. It is confirmed that there are more than seventeen thousand different species of butterflies. Butterflies come in discriminate shapes and sizes. Butterflies go through four principal chronological stages of life. The first stage is the egg stage followed by the larva stage. As a larva, or caterpillar, the future butter fly eats as much as possible. As it grows, because its skin cannot accommodate its body, it sheds its outer skin, or exoskeleton which may take place four or five times. After a few weeks, the caterpillar enters the next stage of its life, the Chrysalis stage. In the Chrysalis, the caterpillar will liquefy into a soup of living Cells. Then it will undergo a complete change, reorganize into a butterfly and as a result the metamorphosis is complete. In latter parts of the chrysalis stage, you can see the forming butterfly through the Chrysalis.

When the butterfly emerges from the chrysalis, it pumps its Wings to send blood through them so that it can fly. Most butterflies only live a couple of weeks, just sufficient time to drink flower nectar and to mate. Some, like the Monarch Butterfly, however, may live many months.

1. The caterpillar shed its skin because ………………….. .

2. Which of the following is NOT true?

3. In what stage does the metamorphosis happen?

4. What is the second stage of life for a butterfly?

5. According to the passage, there are …………… different kinds of butterflies in the world.

6. According to the passage, the caterpillar liquefies into a soup of living cells because ………… .

Passage 3

Bushmen, who are also called San, are a group of people in southern Africa although some information is deceptive since some people make a blunder by their interpretation. Most of them live in vicinity of the Kalahari Desert in Botswana and Namibia with little vegetation.  Some San people work on cultivation of corn and wheat, while others are nomads. There are probably about 50,000 Bushmen altogether. The nomads refrained living individually. They inhabited in bands of 25 to 30 people.  Each band has its own unique area.  These nomadic groups are hunter-gatherers.  They have learned how to survive in harsh desert conditions and can find food and water where there appears to be nothing but sand or scrub.

The hunters use bows and poison tipped arrows to kill wild animals.  Boys are taught to hunt  and they  are not  allowed  to  marry  until  they  have  killed  one  large  animal.  Other members of the band gather roots, berries, nuts, and seeds.

The band often needs to move to find food and water, walking about 30 kilometers a day. They carry their babies on their backs in leather pouches and water in ostrich eggshells. Sometimes they build shelters with branches and grass and live in them for several weeks. At night, they often listen to stories told by the older people. Today some unforeseen economic changes have occurred and the severity of the harsh environment has been mitigated so that densely populated areas are found there. In the past, the harsh environment had devastating effects on their economy.

1- Which of the following can be inferred from the paragraph?

2.According to the passage, nomads do all of the following EXCEPT          .

3. What does “them” in line 12 refer to?

4- The word “appears” in line 6 is closest in meaning to………………            

5. The passage ismainly about                 

Passage 4

An antibiotic is a type of medicine that doctors may use as a remedy to cure diseases. Antibiotics are all unharmed natural products of molds, fungi, and other tiny living things.  These organisms make the antibiotic substances to defend themselves against the germs called bacteria. Diseases in humans  such  as boils,  food  poisoning,  pneumonia  and  typhoid  fever are  all  caused  by bacteria. An individual with a bacterial disease can usually pass it to someone else: this means it is infectious.

Antibiotics damage or kill bacteria in different ways.  Many cease the bacteria from building a protective wall around themselves.  Without this layer, the bacteria explode. Other antibiotics stop the bacteria from making proteins.  Without these they die. Before antibiotics were discovered, bacterial diseases killed and harmed thousands of people.  People should not be dejected that diseases may linger in their environments for a long time. It has been verified that many of these diseases can be cured today.

1. According to the passage, which of the following is true about antibiotics?

2. Which  of the  following  diseases,  as  mentioned  in  the  passage,  are  NOT  caused  by bacteria?

3.The phrase “this layer” in line 8 refers to                       .

4. The word “infectious” is closest in meaning to                       .

5. Which of the following about antibiotics is NOT expressed in the passage? Antibiotics                    .